Women And Spirituality Essays - Feminism, Ethics, Philosophy

Ladies And Spirituality Essays - Feminism, Ethics, Philosophy Ladies And Spirituality What we find as a unique reaction to presences importance is the confidence in a more prominent being or higher force, eg. God, that we serve and obey in the exchange for a productive, everlasting life. This can be associated with the hypothesis of the Earth-Mother. The female in nature was expected to speak to reoccurring life. Antiquated individuals believed that they would come back to the body of the belly of mother earth and afterward be given another life. This antiquated conviction is like our own when looked at. The perspective on the strict world can give importance and reason to the lives of the individuals as it gives them trust. Expectation that in the event that they live their lives as God had proposed for them, they will be conceded entrance into paradise, an everlasting, tranquil spot. It gives individuals importance concerning what they ought to do with their lives. The strict view additionally acquires request people groups lives. Reason in someones life is likewise presented on the planet see; they can go to chapel and have the heavenly ceremonies which each religion rehearses. This may offer individuals a feeling of direction in their life. Religion can't be contained by a specific definition since religion is, straightforwardly enough, what you need it to be. Nobody can compose a meaning of religion as it is extremely simply closely-held conviction. Religion can be the manner in which you carry on with your life, yet for another person it might simply be another word in their jargon. With the coming of the women's activist development, the job of ladies in all pieces of society has gone under expanding investigation. One territory of ongoing debate is the job of ladies in the Christian Church. A few temples whose conventions and practices are less unbendingly attached to Biblical teachings have started setting ladies in initiative positions, for example, minister or instructor. Different houses of worship which decipher the Bible all the more actually have been delayed to embrace such changes. Most Commentators concur that man and lady are both similarly an impression of God's picture; the word man here is utilized as an equivalent word for mankind. Adam and Eve were likewise given joint territory over creation. The job of the man is authority, while the job of lady is as a wellspring of solidarity and backing. On the off chance that an individual needs to comprehend the Christian authority of a man over his better half, he should consider how Christ showed his initiative as head over the Church. Principally, he gave his life for his congregation, not utilizing power or compulsion for her accommodation. Numerous individuals would debate the Bible's pertinence to contemporary idea when all is said in done, and specifically to the job of ladies in adore. On the off chance that the Bible were not composed under perfect motivation, an individual or practice isn't limited by its lessons. The person can in this manner single out whatever relates to his/her perspective. Nonetheless, in the event that the Bible is of heavenly motivation, at that point a careful thought of entries pertinent to a specific issue must be attempted. Customs what's more, traditions, that have emerged after the Bible was composed, may along these lines be deliberately investigated. Such practices might possibly demonstrate sound after correlation with sacred text. On the off chance that ladies are not permitted to have a voice or an info, the congregation could be loosing an important asset of astuteness. In the event that a spouse doesn't think about his wives considerations and thoughts as being significant or substantial, his family is without a doubt fragmented, broken and bound to disappointment. In this way, as the congregation endeavors to acknowledge Gods reason for ladies, we should recollect the certainties of the sacred writing and apply them to our current day culture. This will permit people to introduce the Christian message to our reality in the most impressive manner. Women's activist morals has a lot to offer Catholicism. For one, the primary issues that worry women's activist morals are essentially similar ones that make up Catholic personality. That is, the manner by which ladies and men characterize themselves in the public eye, what means are accessible to them for achieving their closures in short bury individual and social relations. Second, the establishing rules that control women's activist morals are established in the convention of regular law, a custom notable to Catholicism. Thus,

W Ppppp Essay Example

W Ppppp Essay End of the year test Review Note: This hand-out is intended to give extra survey materials to your test. The training issues included are not comprehensive and this ought to be investigated related to your training test, coursepacket materials and schoolwork issues. Part 14 1. On January 1, 2007, Ann Rosen advanced $45,078 to Joe Grant. A zero-enthusiasm bearing note (face sum, $60,000) was traded exclusively for money; no different rights or benefits were traded. The note is to be reimbursed on December 31, 2009. The common pace of enthusiasm for an advance of this sort is 10%. The current estimation of $60,000 at 10% for a long time is $45,078. What measure of intrigue salary should Ms. Rosen perceive in 2007? a. $4,508. b. $6,000. c. $18,000. d. $13,524. 2. An organization issues $20,000,000, 7. 8%, 20-year securities to yield 8% on January 1, 2007. Intrigue is paid on June 30 and December 31. The returns from the bonds are $19,604,145. Utilizing viable intrigue amortization, what amount of intrigue cost will be perceived in 2007? a. $780,000 b. $1,560,000 c. $1,568,498 d. $1,568,332 3. Carr Corporation resigns its $100,000 face esteem bonds at 105 on January 1, after the installment of intrigue. The conveying estimation of the bonds at the recovery date is $103,745. The passage to record the recovery will incorporate an a. credit of $3,745 to Loss on Bond Redemption. b. charge of $3,745 to Premium on Bonds Payable. c. credit of $1,255 to Gain on Bond Redemption. d. charge of $5,000 to Premium on Bonds Payable. DR Bonds Payable 100,000 DR Premium 3,745 DR Loss 1,255 CR Cash 105,000 4. The printing costs and legitimate expenses related with the issuance of bonds should a. e expensed when caused. b. be accounted for as a conclusion from the face measure of bonds payable. c. be collected in a conceded charge account and amortized over the life of the bonds. d. not be accounted for as a cost until the period the bonds develop or are resigned. Page 1 of 10 5. The for the most part acknowledged technique for representing additions or misfortunes from the early extinguishm ent of obligation regards any increase or misfortune as a. an acclimation to the cost premise of the advantage acquired by the obligation issue. b. a sum that ought to be viewed as a money acclimation to the expense of some other obligation gave ver the rest of the life of the old obligation instrument. c. a sum got or paid to get another obligation instrument and, thusly, ought to be amortized over the life of the new obligation. d. a contrast between the reacquisition cost and the net conveying measure of the obligation which ought to be perceived in the time of recovery as an other cost on the salary articulation. 6. An enterprise called a remarkable bond commitment four years before development. Around then there was an unamortized markdown of $300,000. To stifle this obligation, the organization needed to visit premium of $100,000. We will compose a custom exposition test on W Ppppp explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on W Ppppp explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on W Ppppp explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Disregarding annual assessment contemplations, in what manner should these sums be treated for bookkeeping purposes? a. Amortize $400,000 more than four years. b. Charge $400,000 to a misfortune in the time of extinguishment. c. Charge $100,000 to a misfortune in the time of extinguishment and amortize $300,000 more than four years. d. Either amortize $400,000 more than four years or charge $400,000 to a misfortune promptly, whichever the board chooses. 7. On June 1, 2006, Janson Bottle Company sold $400,000 in long haul bonds for $351,040. The securities will develop in 10 years and have an expressed loan cost of 8% and a yield pace of 10%. The bonds pay intrigue every year on May 31 of every year. The bonds are to be represented under the powerful intrigue strategy. Guidelines (a) Construct a bond amortization table for this issue to show the measure of intrigue cost and markdown amortization at each May 31. Incorporate just the initial four years. Ensure all segments and columns are appropriately marked. (Round to the closest dollar. ) (b) The business cost of $351,040 was resolved from present worth tables. Explicitly clarify how one would decide the value utilizing present worth tables. c) Assuming that intrigue and markdown amortization are recorded each May 31, set up the modifying passage to be made on December 31, 2008. (Round to the closest dollar. ) (a) Date 6/1/06 5/31/07 5/31/08 5/31/09 5/31/10 (b) (1) (2) Credit Cash $32,000 32,000 Debit Interest Expense $35,104 35,414 35,756 36,131 Credit Carrying Amount Bond Discount of Bonds $351,040 $3,104 354,144 3,414 357,558 3,756 361,314 4,131 365,445 Find the curre nt estimation of $400,000 due in 10 years at 10%. Locate the current estimation of 10 yearly installments of $32,000 at 10%. Include (1) and (2) to get the current estimation of the head and the intrigue 20,858* 18,667** 2,191 installments. (c) Interest Expense Interest Payable .. Rebate on Bonds Payable *7/12 ? $35,756 (from Table) = $20,858 **7/12 ? 8% ? $400,000 = $18,667 Page 2 of 10 Chapter 15: 1. E15-1:Porter Corp. bought its own standard worth stock on January 1, 2010 for $20,000 and charged the treasury stock record at the buy cost. The stock was in this manner sold for $12,000. The $8,000 distinction between the expense and deals cost ought to be recorded as a finding from a. extra paid-in money to the degree that past net increases from deals of a similar class of stock are incorporated in that; something else, from held profit. b. extra paid-in capital without view regarding whether there have been past net additions from deals of a similar class of stock included in that. c. held profit. d. total compensation. 2. Which of the accompanying most ideal depicts an aftereffect of treasury stock exchanges by an enterprise? . May increment yet not decline held income. b. May build overall gain if the cost technique is utilized. c. May diminish however not increment held income. d. May diminish yet not increment overall gain. 3. At the point when an organization gives its capital stock in installment for administrations, the least proper reason for recording the exchange is the a. advertise estimation of the adminis trations got. b. standard estimation of the offers gave. c. showcase estimation of the offers gave. d. Any of these gives a proper premise to recording the exchange. . Direct expenses acquired to sell stock, for example, guaranteeing expenses ought to be represented as 1. a decrease of extra paid-in capital. 2. a cost of the period where the stock is given. 3. an immaterial resource. a. b. c. d. 1 2 3 1 or 3 5. An element basic to both stock parts and stock profits is a. an exchange to earned capital of a partnership. b. that there is no impact on complete investors value. c. an expansion in all out liabilities of an enterprise. d. a decrease in the contributed capital of a company. Stock parts †change in standard worth and change in number of offers Stock profit †DR Retained Earnings and CR CS profit distributable (and APIC if little stock profit) 6. On September 1, 2010, Valdez Company reacquired 12,000 portions of its $10 standard worth regular stock for $15 per share. Valdez utilizes the cost strategy to represent treasury stock. The diary passage to record the reacquisition of the stock should charge a. Treasury Stock for $120,000. b. Normal Stock for $120,000. c. Normal Stock for $120,000 and Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par for $60,000. . Treasury Stock for $180,000. 12,000 ? $15 = $180,000. (Credit is to money. ) Page 3 of 10 7. Long Co. given 100,000 portions of $10 standard normal stock for $1,200,000. Since quite a while ago procured 8,000 portions of its own regular stock at $15 per share. A quarter of a year later Long sold 4,000 of these offers at $19 per share. In the event that the cost strategy is utilized to record treasury stock exch anges, to record the offer of the 4,000 treasury shares, Long should credit a. Treasury Stock for $76,000. b. Treasury Stock for $40,000 and Paid-in Capital from Treasury Stock for $36,000. c. Treasury Stock for $60,000 and Paid-in Capital from Treasury Stock for $16,000. d. Treasury Stock for $60,000 and Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par for $16,000. 4,000 ? $15 = $60,000; 4,000 ? $4 = $16,000. Stock Issue: DR Cash 1,200,000, CR Common Stock $1,000,000, CR APIC $200,000 Repurchase: DR Treasury Stock 120,000, CR Cash 120,000 Sale: DR Cash 76,000, CR Treasury Stock 60,000, CR APIC-TS 16,000 8. Colson Inc. announced a $160,000 money profit. It at present has 6,000 portions of 7%, $100 standard worth aggregate favored stock exceptional. It is one year financially past due on its favored stock. What amount of money will Colson circulate to the regular investors? a. $76,000. b. $84,000. c. $118,000. d. None. Note: Assumes that the favored tock isn't taking an interest since it doesn't state that it is. 6,000 ? $100 ? .07 = $42,000 PS Dividend Total Dividend of $160,000 †($42,000 ? a long time since one falling behind financially and it is aggregate) = $76,000 payable to basic investors. In the event that it was taking part favored stock, at that point each would approach profits and you would need to know the measure of the normal stock standard to realize how to isolate it. Allude to model from Ch 15 talk. . Hernandez Company has 350,000 portions of $10 standard worth normal stock extraordinary. During the year, Hernandez announced a 10% stock profit when the market cost of the stock was $30 per share. After four months Hernandez proclaimed a $. 50 for each offer money profit. Because of the profits announced during the year, held income diminished by a. $1,242,500. b. $525,000. c. $192,500. d. $175,000. 350,000 ? .10 ? $30 = $1,050,000 Stock profit: DR RE 1,050,000 and CR CS Dividend Distributable (for standard) $50,000 and CR APIC 700,000 $1,050,000 + (350,000 ? 1. 0 (increment for stock profit) ? $. 50) = $1,242,500. 10. On June 30, 2010, when Ermler Co. s stock was selling at $65 per

Blog Archive Serial Entrepreneur Daniel Chait Discusses His Latest Success, Greenhouse

Blog Archive Serial Entrepreneur Daniel Chait Discusses His Latest Success, Greenhouse Today, many aspiring MBAs and MBA graduates want to join start-ups or launch such companies themselves. Is entrepreneurship as exciting as it seems? Is it really for you? mbaMission Founder Jeremy Shinewald has teamed up with Venture for America and CBS Interactive  to launch  Smart People Should Build Things: The Venture for America Podcast. Each week, Shinewald interviews another entrepreneur so you can hear the gritty stories of their ups and downs on the road to success. Daniel Chait, CEO of Greenhouse Daniel Chait is a veteran entrepreneur with three businesses under his beltâ€"the first of which, software product company Business Velocity, was born in 1998 at the height of the dot-com boom. After subsequently cofounding the consulting firm Lab49, Chait launched Greenhouse, a recruiting software company, in 2012. Listen to the podcast episode to hear what Chait learned from each company as he touches on these details and more: Why his summer vacations consisted of paid software projects from an early age instead of the more typical trips or relaxation How Greenhouse has quickly risen from its launch in 2012 to a $60M company What the founding and lifespan of each company taught Chait as he prepared for his next endeavor Subscribing to the podcast series brings you the latest episodes as they are released! Share ThisTweet News

The Arrival and Spread of the Black Plague in Europe

Platypus Facts (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)

The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) is an unusual mammal. In fact, when its discovery was first reported in 1798, British scientists thought the creature was a hoax made by stitching together parts of other animals. The platypus has webbed feet, a bill like a duck, lays eggs, and males have venomous spurs. The plural form of platypus is a matter of some dispute. Scientists typically use platypuses or platypus. Many people use platypi. Technically, the proper Greek plural is platypodes. Fast Facts: Platypus Scientific Name: Ornithorhynchus anatinusCommon Names: Platypus, duck-billed platypusBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 17-20 inchesWeight: 1.5-5.3 poundsLifespan: 17 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Eastern Australian including TasmaniaPopulation: ~50,000Conservation Status: Near Threatened Description The platypus has a keratin bill, a broad flattened tail, and webbed feet. Its dense, waterproof fur is dark brown, becoming paler around its eyes and on its belly. The male has one venomous spur on each hind limb. Males are larger than females, but size and weight varies considerably from one individual to another. The average male is 20 inches in length, while females are around 17 inches long. Adults weigh anywhere from 1.5 to 5.3 pounds. The male platypus has a venomous spur on its hind limb. Auscape, Getty Images Habitat and Distribution The platypus lives along streams and rivers in eastern Australia, including Tasmania. It is extinct in South Australia, except for an introduced population on Kangaroo Island. Platypuses live in diverse climates, ranging from tropical rainforests to cold mountains. Platypus distribution (red: native; yellow: introduced). Tentotwo, Creative Commons License Diet and Behavior Platypuses are carnivores. They hunt worms, shrimp, insect larvae, and crayfish at dawn, dusk, and night. The platypus closes its eyes, ears, and nose when it dives and moves its bill from side to side, much like a hammerhead shark. It relies on a combination of mechanosensors and electrosensors in its bill to map its surroundings. The mechanosensors detect touch and movement, while the electrosensors sense tiny electrical charges released by muscle contractions in living organisms. The only other mammal to use electroreception to seek prey is a species of dolphin. Reproduction and Offspring Except for the echidna and platypus, mammals give birth to live young. Echidnas and platypuses are monotremes, which lay eggs. The platypus mates once each year during the breeding season, which occurs between June and October. Normally, a platypus lives a solitary life in a burrow above the water level. After mating, the male departs for his own burrow, while the female digs a deeper burrow with plugs to control environmental conditions and protect her eggs and young. She lines her nest with leaves and grass and lays between one and three eggs (usually two). The eggs are small (under half an inch) and leathery. She curls around her eggs to incubate them. The eggs hatch after about 10 days. The hairless, blind young drink milk released by pores in the mothers skin. The offspring nurse for about four months before emerging from the burrow. At birth, both male and female platypuses have spurs and teeth. The teeth drop out when the animals are very young. The females spurs drop off before she is a year old. A platypus reaches sexual maturity in its second year. In the wild, a platypus lives at least 11 years. They have been known to reach 17 years of age in captivity. Conservation Status The IUCN classifies the platypus conservation status as near threatened. Researchers estimate the number of mature animals anywhere between 30,000 and 300,000, usually settling on a number around 50,000. Threats Although protected since 1905, platypus numbers have been decreasing. The species faces habitat disruption from irrigation, dams, and pollution. Disease is a significant factor in Tasmania. However, the most significant threat is reduced water availability from human use and droughts caused by climate change. The Platypus and Humans The platypus is not aggressive. While its sting may be fatal to smaller animals, such as dogs, there has never been a documented human fatality. The animals venom contains defensin-like proteins (DLPs) that cause swelling and excruciating pain. Additionally, a sting results in heightened pain sensitivity that may persist for days or months. If you want to see a living platypus, you have to travel to Australia. As of 2017, only select aquariums in Australia house the animals. The Healesville Sanctuary in Victoria and the Taronga Zoo in Sydney have successfully bred platypuses in captivity. Sources Cromer, Erica. Monotreme Reproductive Biology and Behavior. Iowa State University. April 14, 2004.Grant, Tom. The platypus: a unique mammal. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-86840-143-0.Groves, C.P. Order Monotremata. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 2, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.Moyal, Ann Mozley. Platypus: The Extraordinary Story of How a Curious Creature Baffled the World. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-8018-8052-0.Woinarski, J. A.A Burbidge. Ornithorhynchus anatinus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T40488A21964009. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T40488A21964009.en

Essay about Wisdom Sits in Places - 783 Words

November 29, 2011 Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language Among the Western Apache Keith H. Basso’s Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language Among the Western Apache delivers a strong message regarding human connections between place, identity, and origins in relation to the idea of place-names. Every place evokes an association to a story and/or a person/ancestor bearing a moral message that allows the Western Apache to shape their beliefs, behaviors, identities, etc. It is through this connection to the land that the Apache begin to define their understanding of their lives. Along with the connection to nature comes a strong connection to their ancestors. Many of the narratives that come from these places is in†¦show more content†¦For example, the Apache do not believe an individual can claim land, which is not a universally shared sentiment. On that same note though, as stated in lecture, ethnography is always: partial, positioned, provisional, and based on dialogue. So, Basso’s stance on place-names being a universal idea is not necessarily a fault in his studies, but instead, his position in his studies and the position of those whom he studies. Wisdom Sits in Places is heavy in its dialogue allowing the readers to make their own interpretations from an etic perspective. It is through the dialogue that the reader is able to really understand the importance the Western Apache place on the â€Å"where† of things that happened, as opposed to, the â€Å"when.† The year something happened is not the driving force behind a place-name, in fact, the year is typically not even mentioned in their dialogues. It seems as far as the Western Apache are concerned, the past need not be mentioned as the past—put the emphasis in the place-name and that is enough to feel connected to the past. Because nobody knows when these phenomena came into being, locating past events in time can be accomplished only in a vague and general way. 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Contemporary Issues in Accounting Standard and government Rules

Question: Making sense of company executives compensation and employee benefits through the lens of cultural effects. How the conceptual framework revision to include Prudence is likely to address the disparity in Corporate Reporting. Answer: Introduction:- In modern times, the structure of companys annual report has changed very significantly. The accounting standards and government rules nowadays requires more information in the annual reports apart from the financial statements. The accounting standard boards now give more emphasis on the interests of stakeholders, as they are the real users of the annual reports. Hence, along with the financial reports, the companies have to provide various other financial and non-financial information in the annual reports, so that the stakeholders can get related information as much as possible. The companies also have to explain the various accounting methods and standards, which they have followed for maintaining the accounts throughout the year and preparing the financial statements accordingly. Wesfarmers Limited is an Australian company, which operates in the food and staples retailing sector of Australia and New Zealand. Apart from its primary retail activities, it has investments in chemical, fertilizer, coal mining and safety products. It is having its headquarter in Perth and listed in Australian Stock Exchange since 1984 (Asx.com.au, 2011). As per the records, Wesfarmers Ltd. is the largest company in the Australian retail food sector by revenue on 2015. It is also the largest employer in Australian with having near about 205,000 staffs (Wesfarmers.com.au, 2016). Woolworths Limited is one of the largest enlisted companies in the Australian retail industry (Asx.com.au, 2011). The company is based at New South Wales and operates throughout Australia and New Zealand. Recently it has expanded its operations in India. Apart from supermarkets, the company is also involved in liquor retailing, hotels pubs and discount department stores. It is the second-largest retail company in Australia, after Wesfarmers Ltd., in terms of revenue. The company is ranked first as takeaway liquor retailer in Australia (Woolworthslimited.com.au, 2016). In this report, both the companies reports are analyzed critically to exhibit how the companies have complied with the accounting standards in preparation of annual reports and incorporated various accounting concepts in the financial statements. The report also describes how annual reports produce data related to the compensation and benefits of the employees, who are one of the stakeholders of the companies and explains the effect of culture on the items. Cultural Effect on Executives Compensation and Employees Benefit:- Executives Compensation Structure:- Both, Wesfarmers and Woolworths, have segregated the structure into three parts. Out of the total compensation paid to executives, Wesfarmers has provided 42% as fixed remunerations in cash, 25% as short-time incentives and 33% as long-term incentives (Wesfarmers.com.au, 2016). Woolworths has paid the executives 40% as fixed cash remuneration, 30% as short time incentives and 30% as long-term incentive awards (Woolworthslimited.com.au, 2015). It indicates that both the companies have followed almost same structure for paying off their executives. Employees Benefit Structure:- Both the companies use to pay their executives in the same manner. The companies paid their executives party in cash and partly in terms of shares. The companies have also made employers contribution in the superannuation fund as part of the long-term benefits, provided to the employees. The employees are also provided with non-monetary benefits and long service leaves. As per the directors report of Wesfarmers, the company paid 60% of the annual short-time incentives in cash and the balance in mandatory deferred shares. Woolworths has also followed almost same structure regarding the payment for short-time incentives. Cultural Influence on Salary Structure:- It should be noted that most of executives belongs to the high-class Australian society. They maintain a healthy and financially lavish life-style. However, they are also very concern about the future income also. Therefore, the companies have divided the payment structure in such a manner that it should include both higher cash payments and long-term benefits to secure the future of the executives. The payment structure is analyzed through the lens of cultural effects below:- Higher Fixed Remunerations in Cash:- As discussed above, the executives belong to the high-class society and maintain financially strong livelihood. The companies also want that their high-level executives should follow a high-class lifestyle. Therefore, the companies paid higher cash payments to the executives so that they can afford the costly lifestyle and move into the high-class societies (Stone 2013). Incentive Schemes:- It has been observed that the Australians are very much performance oriented and likes to be appreciated for their performances. Therefore, the companies have included incentive schemes in the remuneration structures. It helps the organization not only to motivate the executives for better performances, but also develops a healthy competition amongst the executives, which can result in higher volume of outputs (Jerome 2013). Long-Term Benefits:- As most of the civilized countries, Australians are also futuristic in nature. They always prefer such alternatives, which can be useful both in the present and in future. Therefore, as most of large companies around the world, the Australian companies, like Wesfarmers and Woolworths also include long-term benefits, such as superannuation funds, in its salary structures. As the long-term benefits provide secure future in terms of financially, the employees can work freely in the present, without worrying about the unseen future. Share-Based Payments:- As discussed above, Australians are always very much keen to be appreciated for their performances. Therefore, when the companies provide shares to the executives as a part of salary or incentives and consider them as the one of the owners of the company, they feel very proud and motivated. It also creates an attachment between the company and the executives (Fischer et al. 2013). Prudence Concept in the Conceptual Framework and AASB Standards:- Prudence concept is based on conservatism accounting principle. It suggests that the expenses or losses should be included as soon as it is generated, whereas, the incomes or profits should be recorded only when the items are realized or assured. The concept helps the accountants to reduce the uncertainty level and prepare annual reports with more accuracy. However, many scholars and accounting standard boards believe that prudence concept is too much conservative as it ignores the expected revenues for reporting (Mora and Walker 2015). IASB is very keen to resolve the issues related to over or under stated annual reports and wishes to make the annual reporting structures more neutral and bias. Therefore, the IASB and AASB both have considered the importance of prudence and are trying to include it again in the conceptual framework. IASB has introduced an exposure draft on October,2015, where it has declared that prudence concept will be reintroduced with some changes and will be applicable for all the companies, who use to follow the IFRS standards (PwC, 2016). Many of the companies have already started to include the concept in the annual reports. Wesfarmers Ltd. and Woolworths Ltd., both use to follow the Conceptual Framework of IASB and AASB standards in preparation of annual reports. Therefore, these two companies have also included the prudence concept in their latest annual report to comply with the requirements of conceptual framework and AASB requirements. Compliance with Conceptual Framework and AASB Standards:- Woolworths Ltd. has clearly declared in its annual report that the annual report is complied with the requirements of Australian Accounting Standards and Interpretations and International Financial Reporting Standards (Appendices) Wesfarmers Ltd. has also mentioned same type of statement in the Notes to the Financial Statements section of the annual report that it has prepared the report in accordance to the requirements of AASB and IFRSs, as issued by IASB (Appendices) Importance of Prudence Concept:- As mentioned above most of the accounting standard boards wish to provide such a framework for annual reporting, which can provide authenticate and accurate data to its users. The users or the stakeholders consider the annual report as the statement, which they can rely for decision-making processes. Different stakeholders have different perspectives. Investors and shareholders wish to get information about the profitability of the company and security of their investments. Government authorities, especially, tax department, consider it for ascertainment of taxes. Employees want to know the future prospective of the company, which can ensure their future income and growth. Therefore, it is very necessary to prepare the annual reports authentically. Many companies use the loopholes and disadvantages of the contradiction between various accounting concepts to manipulate the information, provided in the annual report, in various ways, which are discussed below: Many companies use to increase their revenues and profits to increase its market value and attract more investors. By showing lesser amount of profit, the companies often evade huge taxation. Companies also use to reduce the profits so that they do not have to pay high incentives or make salary increments to the employees. The overvaluation of funds can be considered as the most harmful financial manipulation. The companies often increase its revenues to create a better image in the market and generate more investments from the market in terms of equity financing. In the long-run, the shareholders do not able to get back return and have to sell the shares at huge loss. It has been observed that most of companies use to enhance the profit margin by including expected revenues, which are not yet assured or realized. Hence, the accounting boards have decided to include the prudence concept, which will prevent the companies to include expected revenues or profit, until it is assured or realized. Moreover, by inclusion of prudence concept, the accounting boards can force the companies to record the expected expenses or losses, which they may ignore while preparing the annual report for increasing the profits (Strouhal et al. 2012). Inclusion of Prudence Concept in the Annual Reporting:- On the basis of the exposure drafts and amendments made by IASB in the IFRSs and conceptual framework for inclusion of prudence concept, AASB has introduced a new principle under AASB 15: Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The new standard suggest that the revenue should be recognized in the financial statements, when that revenue is realized or assured to be realized as per the contract between the reporting entity and the customers. Thus, AASB prohibits the entities to report unsure revenues and helps the users to get accurate financial information from the annual reporting. It also demolishes the disparities amongst various contradictory revenue standards, which had been used by many companies for manipulating the financial statements (Gebhardt et al. 2014). Wesfarmers Ltd. has mentioned in its current annual report this new standard, based on the prudence concept, will be effectively used by company from 1st July, 2017. Currently, the company is observing the effects of the implementation of this standard. Woolworth Ltd. has also stated about the new standard. However, as it has mentioned about the IFRS 15: Revenue from Contract with Customers, issued by IASB, which will be effective from 1st January,2018. It has mentioned that the company will be adopt the standard from its effective dates, as IASB is still researching and discussing over the implementation process of the standard with various stakeholders. Conclusion:- As the AASB standards for annual reporting is based on the conceptual framework, issued by IASB, the Australian Accounting Board follows and adopts the amendments in the IFRSs and also incorporates the new standards of IASB immediately. Therefore, if any company follows any of the two reporting standards, it can fulfill the requirements of other standard automatically. Wesfarmers Ltd. mainly follows IFRSs, issued by IASB and AASB standards, whereas, Woolworths Ltd. uses to fulfill the requirements of IFRSs and ASIC. Therefore, both the companies annual reports maintains same disclosure format for providing information. The differences between the two annual reports are mainly in its designing and table of contents. Reference List:- Asx.com.au. (2011).The official list. [online] Available at: https://www.asx.com.au/asx/research/listedCompanies.do?coName=W [Accessed 13 Aug. 2016]. Fischer, R., Ferreira, M.C., Assmar, E.M.L., Baris, G., Berberoglu, G., Dalyan, F., Wong, C.C., Hassan, A., Hanke, K. and Boer, D., 2013. Organizational practices across cultures: An exploration in six cultural contexts.International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, p.1470595813510644 Gebhardt, G., Mora, A. and Wagenhofer, A., 2014. Revisiting the fundamental concepts of IFRS.Abacus,50(1), pp.107-116 Jerome, N., 2013. 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